Upconversion nanoparticles possess unique optical properties, making them attractive for applications in bioimaging, sensing, and therapy. However, their potential toxicity remains a considerable concern. This review aims to provide a thorough analysis of the toxicity connected with upconversion

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Carbon nanotubes, cylindrical structures composed of rolled graphene sheets, have captivated scientists and engineers with their exceptional physical properties. Their remarkable strength, conductivity, and lightness make them ideal candidates for a extensive range of applications, from high-perf

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